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It became obvious that the addressing system of Network Control Protocol, based on the Interface Message Processor of Arpanet, was insufficient for an open network, and therefore another protocol with control of transmission errors should eventually have to be devised. 1964: first computer with main processor entirely built as integrated circuit (of little over ten elements per square centimetre). In 1964 little over ten elements could enter in a square centimetre. Ten Colossus I were built, all of them disassembled in 1946. 1944: the London Times uses the term "computer", in reference to machines capable of performing complex calculations or other intellectual operations. In a series of encounters, the too complex H. E. M. S. was eliminated, the C. M. I. P. of O. S. I. was considered a solution of long term and gradually also dropped, and the simple S. N. M. P. was considered a solution of short term and almost universally adopted for remote uniform control in the Internet, although a few routers may still use the C. M. I. P. of O. S. I. 1987: it is calculated that Internet counts about 100 000 host-servers.

It is the first use of the term "bit" (binal digit or binary digit), although the concept of a minimal unit of information based on one of two possible states had already been proposed by Konrad Zuse, who called it a "JA - NEIN" ("YES - NO", in German). Created by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (Bell AT & T), who were unhappy with Multics, Unics became one of the first time-sharing operating systems. Renamed Unix, it was rewritten by its original authors: by Kenneth Thompson in 1972 and by Dennis Ritchie in 1974, becoming fully operational in 1974 and open source in 1978. From the 1970's to the early 2000's a number of open source systems based on Unics were created, such as various BSD systems, plus GNU Hurd, Linux, Minix, Open Solaris, and others. 1959: PDP-1, Programmed Data Processer-1, by Kenneth Olsen (Digital Equipment Corporation). Mumps, Massachussetts General Hospital's Utility Multi Programming System: a programming language, operating system and data bank created in 1966 in the main hospital of Massachussetts. Different dialects of Basic could be used by beginners as well as by experienced programmers, because Basic allowed different levels of programming complexity. This is not a problem for the computer, who can easily jump to another line, but it makes difficult for most human programmers (excepting perhaps the original programmer) to comprehend the totality of the programme well enough as for making changes into it without also introducing some error or unexpected behaviour in another part of a long and complex programme.

2 They also seemed to remember that a few hours after executing that single line, they programmed an implementation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes. 1965: Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts connect a Q-32 computer at the University of California with a TX-2 computer at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, using a dial-up low speed telephone line, and thus making the FIRST LONG DISTANCE COMPUTER NETWORK IN HISTORY. October 1972: at the International Conference on Computer Communication, Robert Kahn presented Arpanet for the first time to the public, as a network of open architecture with the name of "Interconnected Networks", "Internet" or "Internetting". Presented to the public in 1946, the ENIAC had a height of over 4 metres, a length of almost 30 metres, and a weight of 4 Megagrammes for its core only, almost 30 Megagrammes counting its peripherals and support systems. 1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy.

1938: Z-2, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, keyboard for input and panel of lights for output, plus perforated film strips for input or output, by Konrad Zuse. 1936-1938: Z-1, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, keyboard for input and panel of lights for output, by Konrad Zuse. THIRD COMPUTER USING STORED CODE. Programming in assembly differs little from coding in low level, machine code in numbering base of two (long sequences of zeroes and ones grouped by the number of bits contained in one byte). 1949: Short Order Code, by Mandy (Univac), first scientific programming language. Programmer: a person who writes in language of medium or high level, as opposed to coder: a person who writes only in low level code (machine code, in numbering base of two). The EDVAC definitely introduced the concept of stored code in computer programming. This success boosted tremendously the idea of structured modular programming. In this computer was programmed the first action game (not counting computerised board games like draughts or chess): Mouse in the Labyrinth, by a teacher of the institution. To the ignorant they seem like 'an attic full of dusty old things', but to the expert they are cherised treasures of what was, once upon a time, state-of-the-art in Computing Science.

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